Birth Size and Rapid Infant Weight Gain—Where Does the Obesity Risk Lie?

نویسندگان

چکیده

There are 2 major phases of fat accrual: the first appearing in late fetal life, and second infancy.1Toro-Ramos T. Paley C. Pi-Sunyer F.X. Gallagher D. Body composition during development infancy through age 5 years.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015; 69: 1279-1289Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar Both thought to be related risk future adiposity; however, their relative contributions have not been determined. Although accumulation these periods is reflected weight, body weight alone a poor index size adiposity children. Despite this, children often identified as being small or large at birth according (small for gestational age, SGA LGA). Those born extremes an increased obesity associated metabolic disorders later life. However, many who also experience acceleration, absence deceleration case those LGA, which with obesity. Therefore, it difficult determine whether status birth, rate gain infancy, that more important determinant risk. 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These subtypes can offer insight cause timing restriction. asymmetrical occur pregnancy commonly placental dysfunction.15Vrachnis N. Botsis Iliodromiti The fetus age.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006; 1092: 304-309Crossref (23) other common causes smaller genetically small.15Vrachnis differences may partially mass (BMI), presenting various phenotypes short light, but normal light height.16Karlberg Albertsson-Wikland Growth full-term final height.Pediatr Res. 1995; 38: 733-739Crossref (538) Likewise, although were lean, they now disproportionately weight. This change part due prevalence maternal hyperglycemia, lead overnutrition.17Chiavaroli Derraik J.G. Hofman P.L. Cutfield W.S. Born age: bigger always better.J Pediatr. 2016; 170: 307-311Abstract Full Text PDF (26) Scholar,18Derraik J.G.B. Maessen S.E. Gibbins J.D. 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Löf Forsum healthy 1 12 weeks age.Acta 563-568Crossref (63) only had reductions (mean 2337 vs 3163 g), extent, (90 484 g). was approximately three-quarters AGA, 20%. found (773 g) (3677 AGA. Others shown SGA, mass.21Hammami Walters J.C. Hockman E.M. Koo W.W. Disproportionate alterations neonates.J 2001; 138: 817-821Abstract (45) 22Villar Puglia F.A. Fenton T.R. Cheikh Ismail Staines-Urias Giuliani al.Body neonatal ratios: newborn INTERGROWTH-21(st) project.Pediatr 82: 305-316Crossref (41) 23Donnelley E.L. Raynes-Greenow C.H. Turner R.M. Carberry A.E. Jeffery H.E. Antenatal predictors newborns: perinatal outcomes.J 2014; 698-704Crossref (9) Providing further classification imperfect, ratio lean overlaps Schmelzle evaluated 159 neonates preterm within 10 days dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).24Schmelzle H.R. Quang D.N. Fusch G. categorization percentage newborns.Eur 166: 161-167Crossref (44) overall less, more, overlap 3 groups. 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Keller al.Acceleration BMI Early Childhood Sustained Obesity.N Engl 379: 1303-1312Crossref (217) Scholar,40Simmonds Llewellyn Owen Woolacott Predicting 17: 95-107Crossref (469) setting lifetime accelerated contribute adiposity, same gain. 3004 typical trajectories years overweight. 4 followed either persistent weight-for-age z score (“excessively rapid”), 0 (“rapid”). experienced excessively 11- 2-times odds childhood, respectively 11.6; 8.8-15.3/2.3; 1.8-3.0). earlier rebound (the rises after initial fall infancy) did gain.41Shi Wu Liu al.Insights babies.Nutr 97Crossref itself previously life.42Rolland-Cachera M.F. Deheeger Bellisle Sempé Guilloud-Bataille Patois Adiposity children: simple indicator predicting obesity.Am 1984; 39: 129-135Crossref (618) Scholar,43Whitaker R.C. Pepe M.S. Wright Seidel K.D. Dietz W.H. obesity.Pediatrics. 1998; 101: E5Crossref unsurprising, statistically upwards crossing percentiles, ie, acceleration.44Cole T.J. Children grow horses race: critical period obesity?.BMC 6Crossref (176) Among do childhood. Generation R study, 3941 up until age. (a reduction <0.67 OR 12.46; 6.07-25.58). Interestingly, (>0.67 weight) 3.11; 2.37-4.08).45Taal Vd Heijden A.J. Steegers E.A. Jaddoe V.W. Small overweight.Obesity 2013; 21: 1261-1268Crossref (57) Even though well established hyperglycemia influence birth,46Santos Voerman Amiano Barros Beilin L.J. Bergstrom al.Impact complications: European, North American Australian cohorts.BJOG. 126: 984-995PubMed Scholar,47The HAPO Study Cooperative Research GroupHyperglycemia adverse outcomes.N 2008; 358: 1991-2002Crossref (3265) probably overnutrition,48Oken Gillman M.W. Fetal origins obesity.Obes 2003; 11: 496-506Crossref (652) determined, part, factors. 600 whose mother obese, pregnancy, demonstrated 9 led subgroups 2.14 [95% 1.20-2.98]). contrast, subgroup without conditions comparable group.49Xie Wen crowth etiological newborns.J 60-66.e1-5Abstract (11) Combined, show trajectory, accelerates decelerates seems when considering perhaps even so. accelerated, decelerated, changes At deficits mass; Data third National Health Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-1994) suggest that, aged years, meaning adiposity. associations, drawn skinfold thicknesses circumferences, crude measures composition.50Hediger Overpeck M.D. Kuczmarski R.J. McGlynn Maurer Davis Muscularity fatness large-for-gestational-age.Pediatrics. 102: e60Crossref (227) emerged accepted standards, DXA, support notion. school Biosca lower resulting particularly abdominal region, adjustment sex, height.51Biosca Rodriguez Ventura Samper M.P. Labayen I. Collado al.Central age.Nutr Hosp. 971-976PubMed enhanced echoed others, gains bone mineral content, total adiposity.52Ibáñez Lopez-Bermejo Diaz Zegher Catch-up girls precedes progression adiposity.Fertil Steril. 96: 220-223Abstract 53Ibáñez Suarez Marcos M.V. Visceral age.J Endocrinol 93: 2079-2083Crossref (120) 54Ibáñez Dunger D.B. insulin catch-up children.J 91: 2153-2158Crossref (371) Indeed, Ibáñez showed matching height, 6 despite mass, visceral AGA.53Ibáñez consistent. Lindberg marginally DXA 7 age.55Lindberg Norman Westrup Ohrman Domellof Berglund S.K. Overweight, 3.5- 7-year-old weight.J 167: 1246-1252.e1-3Abstract phenotype observed; proportionally control ∼3%, ∼15%, suggesting acceleration 3.5 gaining adolescence. enlarged LGA. so reverse pattern reported SGA.50Hediger remains via DXA.51Biosca suggested across accrual slows approach mass.56de Perez-Cruz Sebastiani Large newborns mothers mellitus tend become tall toddlers.J 178: 278-280Abstract (5) Similar trends apparent age.19Larsson follow-up, remained measurements, Eriksson al's tendency track toward evident, mass.20Eriksson 3.7%, 12.9%, 17.3% 25.8%, 26.4%, 27.6% al, dramatic 23-fold 2.8-fold LGA.19Larsson appears some will regress mean, maintain help explain discrepancy. Few subgroups; disentangle effects affects Given need establish magnified; so, one consider defined. relation height actual obscure associations. faster AGA.54Ibáñez continued amounts BMIs period, progressively adipose. finding unidentifiable used adiposity/obesity By comparison, longitudinally throughout adolescence saw (43.7%, 28.4%, 27.2%, respectively). no annual SDS largely steady, tracked along adolescence.39Geserick disagreement mass,51Biosca alone,56de actually just larger? problem these, other, authors dissected out big (rather abnormally lean). Recent retrospectively studied 195 936 women combined, (adjusted 1.40; 1.39-1.63 1.51; 1.37-1.67, respectively).18Derraik others speculated driven, whereas, heavy utero unknown. What important, unclear then inflated issue much available composition, compartments evolve. speculate best estimates could made taking account years. investigate Researchers avoid relying solely define instead focus distribution,

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: The Journal of Pediatrics

سال: 2021

ISSN: ['1085-8695', '0178-4919', '0022-3476', '1097-6833']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.078